Whole pool amplification and in-sequencer random-access of data encoded by polynucleotides

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes an efficient method to copy all polynucleotides encoding digital data of digital files in a polynucleotide storage container while maintaining random access capabilities over a collection of files or data items in the container. The disclosure further describes a process whereby random-access and sequencing of the polynucleotides are combined in a single step.

BACKGROUND

Current storage technologies can no longer keep pace with exponentiallygrowing amounts of data. Synthetic polynucleotides, such as DNA or RNA,offers an attractive alternative due to its potential informationdensity of up to ˜10¹⁸ B/mm³, 10⁷ times denser than magnetic tape, andpotential durability of thousands of years. Recent advances in DNA datastorage have highlighted technical challenges, in particular, withcoding and random access, but have stored only modest amounts of data insynthetic DNA.

SUMMARY

Synthesized polynucleotides can include regions that encode digitaldata. The digital data can be included in a data file that correspondsto content that can be processed by a computing device, such as audiocontent, video content, text content, image content, or combinationsthereof. The region of a polynucleotide that encodes digital data can bereferred to herein as a “payload.” As used herein, the “length” of apolynucleotide can refer to the number of nucleotides included in alinear chain of nucleotides that comprises the polynucleotide. Based onthe limitations to the lengths of polynucleotides that encode digitaldata, the digital data may be segmented before the polynucleotides aresynthesized. In this way, the lengths of the payloads of thepolynucleotides are limited.

In situations where polynucleotides encode segments of digital data of adata file, the individual segments that encode the digital data can eachbe associated with the data file according to a particular framework. Insome implementations, each data file may be associated with a fileidentifier and the polynucleotides encoding the digital data of the datafiles include regions that encode the respective file identifiers.

Each data file can be associated with one or more polynucleotide groups.In various implementations, each group of polynucleotides can beassociated with an individual, unique group identifier and theindividual group identifiers can be associated with the particular datafile having digital data that is encoded by the polynucleotides includedin the respective groups.

In response to a request to retrieve digital data of one or more datafiles, the group identifiers corresponding to the one or more data filescan be determined. The group identifiers can correspond to primer targetregions of the polynucleotides that encode the digital data beingrequested. Thus, primers that are complementary to the group identifierscan be identified and used in the amplification processes that are partof the retrieval of digital data encoded by polynucleotides. In thisway, the polynucleotides that encode the digital data being requestedcan be selectively amplified and subsequently sequenced and decoded toprovide the requested digital data.

However, certain sequencing methods can be destructive, and thus,several of copies of the polynucleotides are needed, as well as anefficient method to copy all polynucleotides in the polynucleotidestorage container. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides haveuniversal sequences that correspond to primers that can be used toamplify and replicate or copy the whole pool of polynucleotides in astorage container. The configuration of universal sequences and groupidentifier regions results in nested primer sequences on allpolynucleotides, in which the group identifier regions are nested withinthe universal sequences. Therefore, provided is a system with two setsof sequences, one set for random access to specifically identify/locateparticular data (group identifier) and one common set to access allsequences in a pool for amplification/copying all sequences in the pool.

Random-access via PCR or other methods selects only those files thatneed to be sequenced. Typically the random-access process is doneseparately from sequencing procedures, which leads to unnecessarylatency and complexity. Provided herein is a method wherebyamplification of polynucleotides and sequencing are combined in a singlemethod to yield the requested digital data (random access). Thus,nucleotide sequencing is used to facilitate random access of theselected sequences.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The Detailed Description is set forth with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process to produce a framework fordesigning and storing polynucleotides that encode digital data as partof a polynucleotide data storage system.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a framework to store polynucleotidesthat encode digital data of different files.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an example process to designpolynucleotides that can be used to store digital data and retrieve thedigital data from a polynucleotide storage system.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an example computing device to produce aframework for designing polynucleotides that encode digital data andretrieving the digital data from the polynucleotides.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Much of the data being produced by computing devices is stored onconventional data storage systems that include various kinds of magneticstorage media, optical storage media, and/or solid state storage media.The capacity of conventional data storage systems is not keeping pacewith the rates of data being produced by computing devices.Polynucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid(RNA), can be used to store very large amounts of data on a scale thatexceeds the capacity of conventional storage systems. An arrangement ofnucleotides included in a polynucleotide (e.g., CTGAAGT . . . ) cancorrespond to an arrangement of bits that encodes digital data (e.g.,11010001 . . . ). The digital data can include audio data, video data,image data, text data, software, combinations thereof, and the like.

The retrieval of digital data stored by polynucleotide sequences can beachieved using processes that amplify polynucleotides that encode thedigital data that is being requested. For example, polymerase chainreaction (PCR) can be used to amplify polynucleotides that encode thedigital data being requested. Amplification of polynucleotides canproduce an amplification product that includes an amount of the targetpolynucleotides being amplified that is several orders of magnitudegreater than the original quantity of the target polynucleotides.

The amplification of polynucleotides that encode digital data may beperformed selectively such that the polynucleotides encoding the desireddigital data are amplified much more than other polynucleotides. Toillustrate, polynucleotides of two different data files can be stored ina container of a polynucleotide data storage system and one of the datafiles can be the subject of a request for digital data. After selectiveamplification, the number of polynucleotides associated with therequested data file will be orders of magnitude greater than the numberof polynucleotides of the other data file. A sample of the amplificationproduct can be sequenced by a sequencing machine and the sequencing datathat includes reads from the sequencing machine can be analyzed/decodedto reproduce the original bits of the requested digital data. Althoughthe polynucleotides associated with the data file that was not requestedare still present, the probability of sequencing these polynucleotidesis very small because there are so many more copies of thepolynucleotides from the requested data file. Thus, the polynucleotidesequences included in the sequencing data that correspond to therequested digital data can be identified because they are found ingreater quantities than the polynucleotide sequences that are notassociated with the digital data request.

This disclosure describes frameworks and techniques to improve randomaccess to digital data encoded by polynucleotides. In particular bycombining retrieval and sequencing in a single method to yield therequested digital data (random access). As a result, the inefficienciesin the retrieval of digital data encoded by polynucleotides can beminimized. Also, described herein is the use of universal primers togenerate copies all polynucleotides in a storage container at the sametime with a single primer pair. Such copies are needed, for example,when retrieval procedures result in the destruction of thepolynucleotides.

In situations where digital storage media utilize random access ofdigital data, digital data stored anywhere on the digital storage mediacan be accessed without first accessing another portion of the digitaldata. In contrast, sequential access of digital data comprises theaccess of digital data in an ordered sequence. Thus, for sequentialaccess of digital data, one or more additional portions of the digitaldata may be accessed before accessing the requested digital data, whilerandom access of digital data enables the access of the requesteddigital data without first accessing other portions of the digital data.Random access of digital data can be accomplished by providing addressinformation, such as metadata, for each element of digital data thatindicates a storage location for the respective elements of digitaldata. Upon receiving a request to obtain a portion of the digital data,the addressing information can be accessed and the storage locationutilized to obtain the requested digital data from one or more digitalstorage media.

Random access in the context of polynucleotide data storage systems cantake place through encoding addressing information in sequences ofpolynucleotides. The addressing information can uniquely identify thedata encoded by the sequences of polynucleotides. At least a portion ofthe addressing information can comprise a primer target sequence. Inresponse to a request for particular digital data encoded bypolynucleotides, primers that correspond to the primer target sequencesof the target polynucleotides can be obtained. The primers can then beutilized to selectively amplify and/or sequence the targetpolynucleotides in a sample that includes both the targetpolynucleotides and other polynucleotides that encode digital data otherthan the requested digital data. The sequences of the targetpolynucleotides can be decoded to reproduce the requested digital data.As used herein, “primer” refers to a single primer and/or a pair ofprimers (such as a forward and reverse primer set), unless specificallyindicated otherwise. Further, “primer” refers to a nucleotide sequencethat is specifically chosen to perform a selection function where theselection function is based on the property that the nucleotide sequencewill physically hybridize (attach) to its reverse complement. In somecases, a region of a polynucleotide sequence to which a primer can bindduring, for example, a polynucleotide replication technique, can bereferred to herein as a “primer target.” A primer is a sequence ofnucleotides that can bind to the primer target and, for example, apolymerase can utilize the primer as a starting point to replicatenucleotides of a target sequence. A primer and a corresponding primertarget have complementary sequences of nucleotides. In some cases, thiscomplementarity can be used to select certain nucleotides without PCR,based on a sequence they contain, for example, when a CRISPR system isused with guide DNA/RNA to select a set of nucleotides with a particularsequence.

In various implementations, digital data of a data file can be encodedas a series of nucleotides and one or more polynucleotide sequences canbe generated that encode the digital data for the data file. Multiplepolynucleotide sequences can be utilized to encode digital data of asingle data file due to the segmentation of the digital data. Inparticular implementations, each polynucleotide sequence can encode anindividual segment of the digital data. The portion of thepolynucleotide sequence that encodes an individual segment of thedigital data can be referred to herein as a payload region. The digitaldata can be segmented to ensure that the length of the polynucleotidesequences is less than a threshold length.

The polynucleotide sequences described in implementations herein caninclude regions to encode the digital data and regions encodingidentifiers for the data file that includes the digital data beingencoded. For example, the identifiers encoded by regions of thepolynucleotide sequences can correspond to various groups ofpolynucleotide sequences that encode digital data for a particular datafile. That is, for each data file, the digital data of the data file isencoded by one or more groups of polynucleotide sequences. Additionally,each polynucleotide sequence included in a particular group includes atleast one region that encodes the same identifier. Further, theframeworks and techniques described herein can provide some structurearound the quantity of polynucleotide sequences included in each group.To illustrate, the quantity of polynucleotide sequences included in eachgroup can be substantially similar or the number of polynucleotidesequences included in each group can be within a specified range. Inaddition, the frameworks can include metadata indicating the particulargroup identifiers that encode the digital data of the data file.

The polynucleotide sequences can be generated by a computing system andrepresented by polynucleotide data. The polynucleotide data can be usedby a polynucleotide synthesizing machine to synthesize physicalpolynucleotides according to the polynucleotide sequence data, Apolynucleotide data storage system can store the polynucleotides in oneor more containers that may also contain a medium, such as a liquid. Inparticular implementations, polynucleotides can be stored in a liquid,such as water. Each container can store polynucleotides that encodedigital data. In some cases, a container of the polynucleotide datastorage system can store polynucleotides encoding digital data of anumber of data files. For example, a container of a polynucleotide datastorage system can store polynucleotides encoding digital data of afirst data file and polynucleotides encoding digital data of a seconddata file (or more). Additionally, the data files that havepolynucleotides stored in a container of the polynucleotide data storagesystem can have different amounts of data. Thus, the number ofpolynucleotides that encode digital data for the various data files canbe different and, correspondingly, the number of groups ofpolynucleotides associated with each data file can also be different.Further, the quantity of polynucleotides included in each group, may beintentionally designed according to the frameworks and techniquesdescribed herein, to include relatively the same number ofpolynucleotides or similar numbers that are within a specified range.

In response to receiving a request to retrieve particular digital data,one or more polynucleotides can be identified that encode the requesteddigital data. For example, a memory structure that stores the metadataindicating the groups corresponding to the requested digital data can beaccessed and the group identifiers associated with the requested digitaldata can be obtained. Primers can then be selected that arecomplementary to the group identifiers and the polynucleotides thatencode the digital data can be selectively amplified using the primersand/or selectively sequenced. In situations where digital data from aplurality of data files is being requested, the primers complementary tothe group identifiers corresponding to each of the plurality of datafiles can be identified. After amplification of the polynucleotidesand/or sequencing of the amplification product, the polynucleotidesequencing data produced by the sequencing operations can be decoded toreproduce the requested digital data.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process 100 to produce a frameworkfor designing and storing polynucleotides that encode digital data aspart of a polynucleotide data storage system. The process 100 can takeplace before the synthesis of polynucleotides that encode digital data.

At 102, the process 100 can include obtaining digital data 104. Thedigital data 104 can include a sequence of 1s and 0s that can beprocessed by a computing device. The digital data 104 can include inputand/or output related to one or more applications. In illustrativeimplementations, the digital data 104 can be related to at least one ofaudio content, video content, image content, or text content. Thedigital data 104 can be associated with one or more data files.

At 106, the process 100 can include performing a segmentation processwith regard to the digital data 104. The segmentation process caninclude dividing the digital data 104 into segments 108. The number ofthe segments 108 can be based at least partly on a number of bitsincluded in the digital data 104. The number of the segments 108 canalso be based at least partly on an encoding scheme used to encode thebits of the digital data 104 as nucleotides. Additionally, the number ofthe segments 108 can be based at least partly on a length ofpolynucleotides (e.g., 60 to 300 nucleotides) stored by thepolynucleotide data storage system that minimizes the potential for thepolynucleotides to form secondary structures. Further, the number of thesegments 108 can be based at least partly on the different types ofinformation encoded by the polynucleotides stored by the polynucleotidedata storage system. In some implementations, the number of the segments108 can be based at least partly on a combination of one or more of thenumber of bits included in the digital data 104, the encoding schemeused to encode the digital data 104 as nucleotides, the length of thepolynucleotides stored by the polynucleotide data storage system, andthe different types of information encoded by the polynucleotides of thepolynucleotide data storage system.

In particular implementations, the encoding scheme utilized to encodethe bits of the digital data 104 can affect the length of the segments108 because, in some cases, more than one bit of the digital data 104can be encoded by a single nucleotide. In these situations, the numberof the segments 108 produced can be less than a number of the segments108 produced when a single nucleotide encodes a single bit of thedigital data 104. Additionally, the different types of informationencoded by the polynucleotides can affect the length of the segments 108because the digital data 104 that is encoded by the polynucleotides isencoded by the payload region of the polynucleotides, but otherinformation such as error correction information and addressinginformation can also be encoded by the nucleotides of thepolynucleotides. Thus, the more information encoded by various regionsof the polynucleotides, the fewer nucleotides that can be dedicated toencoding the digital data 104 and a greater number of polynucleotidesmay be utilized to encode the digital data 104.

At 110, the process 100 can include encoding the digital data 104 as oneor more sequences of nucleotides, such as the group of payload sequences112. The encoding of the digital data 104 as the group of payloadsequences 112 can be performed according to one or more techniques thatassociate one or more bits of the digital data 104 with one or morenucleotides. In some implementations, a first group of bits can beassociated with a first nucleotide, a second group of bits can beassociated with a second nucleotide, a third group of bits can beassociated with a third nucleotide, and a fourth group of bits can beassociated with a fourth nucleotide. In an illustrative example, a bitpair 00 can correspond to a first nucleotide, such as A; a second bitpair 01 can correspond to a second nucleotide, such as C; a third bitpair 10 can correspond to a third nucleotide, such as G; and a fourthbit pair 11 can correspond to a fourth nucleotide, such as T. In anotherillustrative example, the digital data 104 can be mapped to a base-4string with each number in base-4 mapping to a corresponding letterrepresenting a nucleotide. To illustrate, 0, 1, 2, and 3 can each map toone of A, C, G, or T. In an additional illustrative example, the digitaldata 104 can be mapped to a base-3 string with a nucleotide mapping toeach number of the base 3 string (e.g., 0, 1, 2) based on a rotatingcode.

The encoding of the digital data at 110 can be performed, in someimplementations, before performing the segmentation process at 106. Forexample, the encoding operations can be performed on the entire stringof bits included in the digital data 104. In these implementations, thesegmentation process at 106 can produce the group of payload sequences112 instead of producing the bit segments 108. In other implementations,the encoding of the bits as nucleotides performed at 110 can take placeat other points in the process 100.

At 114, the process 100 includes producing identifiers 116. Individualidentifiers 116 can be used to identify individual groups ofpolynucleotide sequences that encode the digital data 104. Theidentifiers 116 can correspond to primers that are used to amplify,replicate and/or sequence polynucleotides that encode the digital data104. In particular, one or more regions of polynucleotides producedaccording to implementations described herein can encode the identifiers116 and comprise a primer target region of the polynucleotides. In thesesituations, the primers utilized in the polynucleotide data storagesystem can be complementary to at least a portion of the regions of thepolynucleotides that encode the identifiers 116. In someimplementations, the identifiers 116 can include a series of uniquealphanumeric symbols that are encoded by nucleotides. In illustrativeexamples, the techniques utilized to encode the digital data 104 asnucleotides can be the same as those utilized to encode the identifiersas nucleotides. In various implementations, the identifiers 116 can begenerated by a pseudo-random number generation algorithm. Also, primersused in polynucleotide sequence replication and amplification can bescored against a number of criteria that indicate the fitness ofsequences of nucleotides to function as primers (including, for example,GC content and melting temperature). Primers having scores that indicatea particular fitness to function as primers can be added to a specificgroup of primers. The primers from the group of primers can be used inamplification and replication of polynucleotide sequences that encodedigital data. Additionally, an amount of overlap between primer targetsand payloads encoding digital data can be determined. Minimizing theamount of overlap between primer targets and payloads can improve theefficiency of polynucleotide replication and amplification. The bits ofthe digital data can be randomized to minimize the amount of overlapbetween payloads encoding the digital data and primer targets.

At 118, the process 100 includes assigning the identifiers 116 to thebit segments 108 or to the payload sequences 112. In particular, the bitsegments 108 or the payload sequences 112 can optionally be divided intogroups and each group can be assigned an individual identifier 116(related payload sequences can thus have one or more identifiers/groupidentifiers). In situations where the digital data 104 has been encodedas nucleotides before assigning the identifiers 118, the individualpayload sequences 112 can be grouped and assigned to respectiveidentifiers 116. In instances where the digital data 104 has not beenencoded as nucleotides before 118, the individual bit segments 108 canbe grouped and assigned to respective identifiers 116. In anillustrative example, when the bit segments 108 have been encoded toproduce the payload sequences 112 before assigning the identifiers 118,operation 118 can produce group assignments 120 that associateindividual identifiers 116 with various groups of payload sequences 112.In another illustrative example, when the bit segments 108 have not beenencoded as nucleotides before 118, operation 118 can produce groupassignments 122 that associate individual identifiers 116 with variousgroups of the bit segments 108.

In some implementations, the number of groups included in the groupassignments 120, 122 can be based on a number of factors. For example,the number of group assignments produced can be based on a number ofprimers utilized in a polynucleotide data storage system and a number ofpolynucleotides stored together. In various implementations, the numberof polynucleotides stored together can correspond to the number ofpolynucleotides stored in a container of the polynucleotide data storagesystem. In some implementations, the number of bit segments 108 or thenumber of payload sequences assigned to each group identifier 116 can beapproximately the same. In an illustrative example, each storagecontainer has 1 million polynucleotide sequences (however, storagesystems and containers can contain much larger numbers, for example, atleast about 100,000,000,000 polynucleotide sequences can be stored perstorage container in a storage system). Using 10,000 primers, twoprimers per group, one can have up to 5,000 groups, or 10,000 if theprimers are the same in the beginning and the end of the polynucleotidesequences (for the retrieval of data encoded by the polynucleotides ofthe polynucleotide data storage system). Thus, there would be 100polynucleotides sequences per group. In this illustrative example, thebit segments 108 or the payload sequences 112 can be divided into groupsof about 100 in each group. Thus, in this example, the identifiers 116can be associated with about 100 different polynucleotides stored in thepolynucleotide data storage system. In other cases, the number ofsegments included in each group can be within a certain percentage of anaverage number. To illustrate, in a polynucleotide data storage systemthat utilizes a pool of 10,000 primers and includes a container that canstore 1 million polynucleotides, an average number of segments that canbe included in each group can be 100, but the number of segmentsincluded in each group can vary. In a particular illustrative example,the number of the bit segments 108 or the payload sequences 112 includedin each group can be within a threshold amount of an average number. Insome cases, the threshold amount can be a particular number, such as 100bit segments 108 or payload sequences 112 greater than or less than theaverage number. In other cases, the number of the bit segments 108 orpayload sequences 112 included in each group can be a percentage of theaverage number, such as within 10% of the average number. In particularimplementations, the variation in the number of the bit segments 108 orthe payload sequences 112 included in each group can correspond tominimizing differences between the rates of amplification when thegroups are amplified together.

In various implementations, the identifiers 116 can be assigned togroups of bit segments 108 or groups of payload sequences 112 thatcorrespond to different data files. In some situations, thepolynucleotides associated with the different data files can bedesignated as being stored in a same container of a polynucleotide datastorage system. For example, the digital data 104 being stored in apolynucleotide storage system can include bits from a number ofdifferent data files. The number of data files associated with aparticular group of identifiers 116 can be based at least partly on thenumber of polynucleotides designated to be stored in a container of apolynucleotide data storage system and a number of polynucleotidesutilized to encode the digital data of each file. Thus, if a containerof a polynucleotide data storage system stores 1 millionpolynucleotides, the total number of polynucleotides encoding one ormore data files will be less than or equal to 1 million. To illustrate,a first data file can be encoded by 600,000 polynucleotides stored in acontainer of the polynucleotide data storage system and a second datafile can be encoded by 400,000 polynucleotides stored in the containerof the polynucleotide data storage system.

In particular situations, a set of the identifiers 116 associated with aparticular group of the bit segments 108 or a particular group of thepayload sequences 112 can be different from additional sets of theidentifiers 116 associated with other groups of the bit segments 108 orthe payload sequences 112. For example, a first set of the identifiers116 can be associated with a first group of the bit segments 108 or afirst group of the payload sequences 112 and a second, different set ofthe identifiers 112 can be associated with a second group of the bitsegments 108 or a second group of the payload sequences 112. In thisway, a first set of primers corresponding to the first set of theidentifiers 116 can be utilized to amplify and/or sequence a first groupof polynucleotides associated with the first group of the bit segments108 or the first group of the payload sequences 112 and a second set ofthe identifiers 116 can be utilized to amplify and/or sequence a secondgroup of polynucleotides associated with the second group of the bitsegments 108 or the second group of the payload sequences 112. Invarious implementations, the first group of polynucleotides and thesecond group of polynucleotides can be stored in a same container of apolynucleotide data storage system. In these situations, the portions ofthe digital data 104 associated with the first group of polynucleotidescan be selectively accessed using the first group of primers and not thesecond group of primers, while the portions of the digital data 104associated with the second group of polynucleotides can be selectivelyaccessed using the second group of primers and not the first group ofprimers. In some implementations, the first group and second group areassociated with different data files.

In situations where the bit segments 108 have not been encoded asnucleotides before operation 118 takes place, the bit segments 108 canbe encoded as nucleotides after the assigning of identifiers to thegroups of bit segments that occurs at operation 118.

At 124, the process 100 includes generating polynucleotide data for anumber of polynucleotide sequences. The polynucleotide data can be usedas a template or design for synthesizing polynucleotide molecules thatcorrespond to the polynucleotide data. The polynucleotide data canindicate a sequence of nucleotides that includes at least one regionthat encodes digital data. In an illustrative example, a representativepolynucleotide sequence 126 can include a payload sequence 128 thatencodes digital data 104. The payload sequence 128 can be included inthe payload sequences 112 generated as part of operation 110. Thepolynucleotide sequence 126 can also include a group identifier region130 that encodes one of the identifiers 116 that has been assigned tothe payload sequence 126 at operation 118. In some instances, theidentifier 116 corresponding to the group identifier region 130 can beencoded as nucleotides according to the same scheme utilized to encodethe bit segments 108 as the payload sequences 112. In other situations,the identifier 116 corresponding to the group identifier region 130 canbe encoded as nucleotides according to a different scheme than thescheme utilized to encode the bit segments 108 as the payload sequences112. Other information can also be encoded by the nucleotides of thepolynucleotide sequence 126. For example, universal regions or sequencescan be encoded by one or more regions of the polynucleotide 126. Thesesequences can be used to simultaneously produce a copy of allpolynucleotides 126 in the polynucleotide storage container. In anotherexample, error correction information can be encoded by one or moreregions of the polynucleotide 126. In another example, addressinginformation can be encoded by one or more regions of the polynucleotide126. The addressing information can indicate a location within thedigital data 104 for the particular bits encoded by the payload region128. In one embodiment there is included a universal front region(universal front primer), followed by a group identifier (groupidentifier front primer), and then payload, with address and errorcorrection information, followed by a group identifier (group identifierback primer) and then a universal region (universal back primer). Inadditional examples, a file identifier corresponding to a data file thatincludes at least a portion of the digital data 104 can be encoded bynucleotides of one or more regions of the polynucleotide sequence 126,In some implementations, the file identifier along with the identifiersof the respective groups can be utilized in the retrieval of the digitaldata 104. After the polynucleotide data has been generated for eachpolynucleotide, the polynucleotide data can be provided to anoligonucleotide synthesizer to synthesize the physical polynucleotidescorresponding to the polynucleotide data produced at 124.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a framework 200 to storepolynucleotides that encode digital data of different data files. Inparticular, the framework 200 includes a first data file 202 and asecond data file 204. Although the illustrative example of FIG. 2includes two data files, more data files can be included in theframework 200. Each data file 202, 204 can include digital data. Thedigital data of data files 202, 204 can be encoded using a number ofpolynucleotide sequences. For example, the first data file 202 caninclude first digital data that is encoded by a first group ofpolynucleotide sequences and the second data file 204 can include seconddigital data that is encoded by a second group of polynucleotidesequences. The number of polynucleotides sequences used to encode thedigital data of the first data file 202 and the digital data of thesecond data file 204 can be different. In some cases, the number ofpolynucleotide sequences used to encode the digital data of the firstdata file 202 and the digital data of the second data file 204 can bebased at least partly on the respective number of bits included in thefirst data file 202 and the second data file 204.

The polynucleotide sequences that encode the digital data of the firstdata file 202 and the digital data of the second data file 204 can bearranged in a single group or in a number of groups. The illustrativeexample of FIG. 2 shows that the polynucleotide sequences encoding thedigital data of the first data file 202 can be arranged into at least afirst group 206 and a second group 208. In addition, the illustrativeexample of FIG. 2 shows that the polynucleotide sequences encoding thedigital data of the second data file 204 can be arranged into at least athird group 210 and a fourth group 212. Individual groups ofpolynucleotide sequences can include a particular number ofpolynucleotide sequences, such as representative polynucleotide sequence214. The representative polynucleotide sequence 214 can include at leasta payload region. The representative polynucleotide sequence 214 canalso include additional regions that encode other information, such as aregion to encode the group identifier 216, a region to encode addressinginformation, a region to encode an identifier of the first data file202, a region to encode error correction information, a region to encodea universal primer or combinations thereof, and the like. In someimplementations, the individual groups of polynucleotide sequences caninclude a same number of polynucleotide sequences. 1111 otherimplementations, the individual groups of polynucleotide sequences caninclude a number of polynucleotide sequences in a specified range. Inparticular implementations, the specified range can indicate an averagenumber of polynucleotide sequences to include in each group, a maximumthreshold number above the average number, and a minimum thresholdnumber below the average number.

Additionally, individual groups of polynucleotides can have acorresponding identifier. For example, the first group 206 can have afirst identifier 216, the second group 208 can have a second identifier218, the third group 210 can have a third identifier 220, and the fourthgroup 212 can have a fourth identifier 222. The identifiers 216, 218,220, 222 can be represented by nucleotides included in one or moreregions of the polynucleotide sequences associated with the respectivegroups 206, 208, 210, 212.

In various implementations, the information associated with the firstdata file 202 and the second data file 204 can be stored in a datastorage structure. For example, the information associated with thefirst data file 202 and the second data file 204 can be stored on one ormore computer-readable media as a table, array, record, tree, linkedlist, or combinations thereof. To illustrate, the polynucleotidesequences of the first group 206 can be stored in association with thefirst identifier 216, the polynucleotide sequences of the second group208 can be stored in association with the second identifier 218, thepolynucleotide sequences of the third group 210 can be stored inassociation with the third identifier 220, and the polynucleotidesequences of the fourth group 212 can be stored in association with thefourth identifier 222. In some implementations, the first file 202 canbe represented by a first file identifier and the information of thefirst data file 202 can be stored in association with the first fileidentifier and the second file 204 can be represented by a second fileidentifier and the information of the second data file 204 can be storedin association with the second file identifier. In particularimplementations, the first file identifier and the second fileidentifier can be represented as respective polynucleotide sequences, asa series of bits, or both. In various implementations, the first datafile 202 and the second data file 204 can be associated with multiplefile identifiers.

In particular implementations, at least a portion of the informationassociated with the first data file 202 and the second data file 204 canbe stored as metadata of the first data file 202 and metadata of thesecond data file 204. The metadata can by utilized to selectively accessthe digital data encoded by the payload sequences of the groupscorresponding to a particular data file. For example, a file identifiercorresponding to the first data file 202 and the group identifierscorresponding to the first data file 202 (e.g., the first identifier 206and the second identifier 208) can be utilized to access the digitaldata of the first data file 202. In this way, file identifiers and groupidentifiers can be used in conjunction with one another to accessdigital data encoded by polynucleotides.

Additionally, at 224, the framework 200 can include synthesizingpolynucleotides. In particular, the polynucleotide sequences included inthe groups 206, 208, 210, 212 can be a design template used tosynthesize polynucleotide molecules. The polynucleotides represented bythe polynucleotide sequences included in the groups 206, 208, 210, 212can be stored together in a container 226. In this way, thepolynucleotides encoding digital data of different data files, such aspolynucleotides encoding data of the first data file 202 andpolynucleotides encoding data of the second data file 204, can be storedin the same container 226.

The framework 200 can also include a set of primers 228. The set ofprimers 228 can include individual primers that have nucleotidesequences that are complementary to the group identifiers 216, 218associated with the first data file 202 and the group identifiers 220,222 associated with the second data file 204. In particular illustrativeexamples, nucleotide sequences representing the group identifiers 216,218, 220, 222 can serve as primer target regions of the polynucleotidesstored in the container 226 and the set of primers 228 can includeprimers that are complementary to the polynucleotide sequences of thegroup identifiers 216, 218, 220, 222. By storing the information of thefirst data file 202 and the second data file 204 according to theimplementations described herein, the information associated with eachdata file 202, 204 can be accessed in the retrieval of digital dataencoded by polynucleotides. For example, when information of the firstdata file 202 is requested, primers from the set of primers 228 thatcorrespond to the group identifiers associated with the first data file202 (e.g., the first group identifier 216 and the second groupidentifier 218) can be identified. To illustrate, primers included inthe set of primers 228 that are complementary to the first groupidentifier 216 and the second group identifier 218 can be selected. Theselected primers can then be added to a sample of the polynucleotidesincluded in the container 226 or to the container 226 itself along withadditional materials utilized to amplify and/or sequence thepolynucleotides associated with the first data file 202, such as PCRreagents that can include at least one polymerase, nucleotides,buffering agents, and the like. A sample of the amplification productcan be sequenced and analyzed to reproduce the requested digital data ofthe first data file 202 in a manner that will be described in moredetail with respect to FIG. 3. At least a portion of the set of primers228 can be synthesized before receiving a request to obtain digital datafrom a data file 202, 204, in some cases, while in other situations, atleast a portion of the set of primers 228 can be synthesized afterreceiving a request to obtain digital data from a data file 202, 204.Further, as several of the methods involved in retrieval of the digitaldata may destroy the polynucleotides in the storage containers, a methodto generate copies of such polynucleotides is needed. In someembodiments, the polynucleotides are associated with universal regions(further discussed in FIG. 3) common to all polynucleotides in thestorage container which universal regions are located at the 5′ and 3′ends of the polynucleotides. Primers which are complementary to theseuniversal regions can then be used to make multiple copies (for examplevia PCR) of the polynucleotides in the storage system, so as to storeidentical sets of polynucleotides/storage systems for future use. Theuniversal primers can also be included in the set of primers 228.

In some implementations, primers included in the set of primers 228 canalso be complementary to file identifiers related to the first data file202 and the second data file 204. In various implementations, thepolynucleotides that encode digital data of the first data file 202 andthe second data file 204 can include sequences that correspond to fileidentifiers of the first data file 202 and the second data file 204. Inthis way, the digital data of the first data file 202 and the seconddata file 204 that is encoded by polynucleotides can be selectivelyaccessed by primers of the set of primers 228 that are complementary toboth the file identifier sequences of the respective data files 202, 204and the group identifiers 216, 218, 220, 220 of the data files 202, 204.In a particular illustrative example, a polynucleotide encoding digitaldata of the first data file 202 can include a file identifier sequenceadjacent to a group identifier sequence. Additionally, a primer of theset of primers 228 can have a sequence that is complementary to the fileidentifier sequence and the group identifier sequence or a sequence thatis complementary to at least a portion of the file identifier sequenceand at least a portion of the group identifier sequence. Continuing withthis example, in response to a request for digital data included in thefirst data file 202, this primer can be selected from the set of primers228 to amplify and/or sequence the polynucleotide that encodes a portionof the digital data of the first data file 202.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an example process 300 todesign polynucleotides that can be used to store digital data andretrieve the digital data from a polynucleotide storage system. Inparticular implementations, the sequences of the polynucleotides can bedesigned by executing computer-readable instructions of one or morecomputer software applications. The polynucleotides can be designedusing a number of payloads 302 and a number of group identifiers 304.The number of payloads 302 can each encode data from one or more datafiles that include digital data. The group identifiers 304 can eachcorrespond to a respective group of the payloads 304. In addition,metadata 306 can be used to indicate relationships between the payloads302, the group identifiers 304, and data files for which the payloads302 encode digital data. In the illustrative example of FIG. 3, themetadata 306 indicates that a first payload (Payload 1) and a secondpayload (Payload 2) are both associated with a first group identifier(Group ID 1). Additionally, in the illustrative example of FIG. 3, themetadata 306 indicates that a third payload (Payload 3) is associatedwith a second group identifier (Group ID 2). Further, in theillustrative example of FIG. 3, the metadata 306 indicates that thefirst payload, the second payload, the third payload, the first groupidentifier, and the second group identifier are associated with the samedata file (Data File 1). Thus, in this illustrative example, the firstpayload, the second payload, and the third payload include sequences ofnucleotides that encode digital data from the first data file.Additionally, the payloads that encode the digital data of the firstdata file are divided into at least two groups: a first groupcorresponding to the first group identifier (Group ID 1) and a secondgroup corresponding to the second group identifier (Group ID 2).Payloads that encode e digital data can also all be placed in a singlegroup.

At 308, the process 300 includes designing polynucleotide sequences. Inparticular, the polynucleotide sequences can be designed usingindividual payloads 302 and their corresponding group identifiers 304.In a particular example, a representative polynucleotide sequence 310can be designed with a payload 312 included in the payloads 302 and agroup identifier 314 included in the group identifiers 304. Thus, thepolynucleotide sequence can include a payload region 316 that includesthe payload 312, a first group identifier region 318 that includes thegroup identifier 314, and a second group identifier region 320 thatincludes the group identifier 314 (an identifier 314 generally includesa front primer and a reverse primer; such that a front primer targetsite and the reverse primer target site are different parts of a pair).The first group identifier region 318 can be placed at a 5′ end of thepayload region 316 and the second group identifier region 320 can beplaced at a 3′ end of the payload region 316.

In some implementations, a representative sequence of 310 can beoptionally designed to include universal sequences 319, 321. Thus, thepolymeric sequence can include a payload region 316 that includes thepayload 312, a first group identifier region 318 that includes the groupidentifier 314, a second group identifier region 320 that includes thegroup identifier 314, a first universal sequence 319, and a seconduniversal sequence 321. A universal sequence 319 can be placed at the 5′end of the polynucleotide sequence 310 and a universal region 321 can beplaced at a 3′ end of the polynucleotide sequence 310. In oneembodiment, the same universal regions 319 and 321 are present in allpolynucleotides in the container 330 (identical 5′ universal region 319sequences on all polynucleotides and identical 3′ universal region 321sequences on all polynucleotides). The universal regions 319 and 321 cancorrespond to primers that can be used to amplify and replicate or copythe whole pool of polynucleotides in storage container 330. Thus, asingle primer pair (e.g., universal primers, which can be included in aset of primers 340) corresponding to the universal regions 319 and 321can anneal and amplify/replicate every polynucleotide in the container330 (or storage system 328), so as to make a copy (or copies) of allpolynucleotides present at once (whole pool amplification ofpolynucleotides). The universal regions 391 and 321 can be synthesizedon polynucleotides or they can be ligated after the polynucleotides areformed, as they are the outer most sequences and all universal regions319 and 321 can be the same on each polynucleotide. This configurationresults in nested primer sequences on all polynucleotides (universalregion with nested group identifier region).

Thus, at 342, the process 300 can include amplification (copying) of allpolynucleotides using primers 340 that correspond to the universalregions 319 and 321. Amplification of the polynucleotides can produce acomplete copy (or copies) of all polynucleotides present. The copies ofpolynucleotide can then be separated/aliquoted into multiple containers330 and/or storage systems 328 for future use (future request fordigital data). This system allows for replication of the polynucleotidesfor distribution and/or replenishing the polynucleotides (for, example,in instances where sequencing of the polynucleotide is destructiveand/or more copies are needed). Thus, in this system amplification ofall polynucleotides (with universal regions 319 and 321) and selectiveamplification of polynucleotides corresponding to the requested/desireddigital data can be carried out on a single pool of polynucleotides.These processes can both be carried out by PCR, either individually,sequentially or at the same time.

In some implementations, additional nucleotides 322 can be included inan additional region 324 of the polynucleotide sequence 310. In someexamples, at least a portion of the additional region 324 can includenucleotides that encode a file identifier corresponding to the payload312, such as nucleotides that encode an identifier for Data File 1. Inother examples, at least a portion of the additional region 324 caninclude nucleotides that encode addressing information that indicates alocation of the bits encoded by the payload 312 within the digital datafile. In another example, at least a portion of the additional region324 can include nucleotides that encode error correction information.Although the position of the additional region 324 is shown between thefirst group identifier region 318 and the payload region 316, theadditional region 324 can be located at one or more different positionsof the polynucleotide sequence 310.

At 326, the process 300 includes synthesizing polynucleotides and addingthe polynucleotides to a polynucleotide storage system 328. Thepolynucleotides can be synthesized using the polynucleotide sequencesdesigned at 308. Synthesizing the polynucleotides can include chemicallybonding the nucleotides represented by the polynucleotide sequences,such as polynucleotide sequence 310, together in a linear chain. In someimplementations, the polynucleotides can be synthesized by producingreactive forms of the individual nucleotides to be included in thepolynucleotides and blocking certain functional groups by addingblocking molecules to the functional groups that are to be blocked fromparticipating in reactions between the nucleotides. The non-blockedfunctional groups can be used to chemically join the nucleotides andthen the blocking molecules can be removed from the remaining functionalgroups. In some situations, reactivity of certain remaining functionalgroups can be reduced, such as through a capping process, and otherprocesses, such as an oxidation process, can be performed to prepare thepolynucleotides for storage.

The polynucleotide storage system 328 can include a number ofcontainers, such as container 330. Container 330 can include a medium332 that stores a number of different polynucleotides. The medium 332can include any medium that can maintain the chemical bonding andstructure of polynucleotides over an extended period of time, such asseveral years, several decades, or longer. In some implementations, themedium 332 can include water, a pH buffered solution or a salt solution.Additionally, in other implementations, the polynucleotide storagesystem 328 can store polynucleotides using a media free arrangement,such as storing dried polynucleotide pellets.

In some implementations, the container 330 can store multiple copies ofa polynucleotide. Additionally, in various implementations, more thanone of the containers of the polynucleotide storage system 328 can storea particular polynucleotide. To illustrate, the container 330 and anadditional container 334 of the polynucleotide storage system 328 caneach store separate copies of a particular polynucleotide. In particularimplementations, the polynucleotides stored in the polynucleotidestorage system 328 can be stored according to the group identifiers ofthe polynucleotides. For example, a first number of polynucleotides thatcorrespond to a first set of the group identifiers 304 can be stored ina first container of the polynucleotide storage system 328 and a secondnumber of polynucleotides that correspond to a second set of the groupidentifiers 304 can be stored in a second container of thepolynucleotide storage system 328. Also, the polynucleotides that encodedata of a particular data file can be stored together. For example, thepolynucleotides that encode the digital data for the Data File 1 can bestored in a particular container of the polynucleotide storage system328, such as container 330. Further, polynucleotides that encode digitaldata for multiple data files can be stored in a particular container. Toillustrate, container 330 can store polynucleotides of multiple datafiles, including the polynucleotides of Data File 1.

The polynucleotides stored in individual containers of thepolynucleotide storage system 328, the group identifiers ofpolynucleotides stored in individual containers of the polynucleotidestorage system 328, and/or the file identifiers related topolynucleotides stored in individual containers of the polynucleotidestorage system 328 can be tracked and recorded. In this way, additionalmetadata can be generated that indicates the polynucleotides stored inthe individual containers of the polynucleotide storage system 328. Forexample, additional metadata of the polynucleotide storage system 328can indicate that polynucleotides associated with the first groupidentifier (Group ID 1), the second group identifier (Group ID 2), orboth, are stored in the container 330. In other examples, additionalmetadata of the polynucleotide storage system 328 can indicate thatpolynucleotides associated with the first data file (Data. File) arestored in the container 330.

At 336, the process 300 includes receiving a request for digital data.The request for digital data can be received from a computing device,such as computing device 338. After receiving the request for thedigital data, the one or more polynucleotides that correspond to thedigital data can be determined using a lookup table or other datastructure that indicates the polynucleotides that encode the requesteddigital data. For example, the metadata 306 can be accessed and parsedto identify information for a data file being requested and the metadata306 can be utilized to determine group identifiers and/or at least onefile identifier for the data file. The group identifiers can correspondwith primers that can be used to amplify and/or replicate thepolynucleotides stored by the polynucleotide storage system 328. Theprimers that correspond to the group identifiers for one or more datafiles that include digital data being requested can be included in a setof primers 340. In some implementations, the primers are used toreplicate/amplify the polynucleotides stored by the polynucleotidestorage system 328 can be at least partially complementary to the groupidentifiers of the polynucleotides stored by the polynucleotides storagesystem 328. In some cases, the nucleotides included in at least athreshold number of positions of the primers included in the set ofprimers 340 can be complementary to at least a threshold number ofpositions of the group identifier regions associated withpolynucleotides stored by the polynucleotide storage system 328. In thisway, the primers of the set of primers 340 that correspond to the groupidentifiers of the requested digital data can be used to selectivelyamplify the polynucleotides that correspond to the digital data beingrequested. In various implementations, primers that correspond to a fileidentifier, as well as the group identifiers, can also be utilized toamplify the polynucleotides that encode requested digital data.

At 342, the process 300 can include amplification of polynucleotidescorresponding to the requested digital data using primers of the set ofprimers 340 that correspond to the group identifiers and/or at least onefile identifier associated with a data file that includes the digitaldata being requested. Amplification of the polynucleotides can producean amplification product. At 342, the process 300 can also include,sequencing of the polynucleotides included in the amplification productand decoding the polynucleotides of the amplification product. In someimplementations, the primers and enzymes used to selectively amplify thepolynucleotides corresponding to the requested digital data can be addedto one or more containers of the data storage system 328 or to one ormore other containers outside of the polynucleotide storage system 328that include the polynucleotides that correspond to the requesteddigital data.

In an illustrative example, PCR can be used to amplify thepolynucleotides that correspond to the requested digital data, PCR canalso be utilized during the sequencing of the polynucleotides. A PCRreaction has three main components: the template, the primers, andenzymes. The template is a single- or double-stranded moleculecontaining the (sub)sequence of nucleotides to be amplified. The primersare short synthetic strands that define the beginning and end of theregion to be amplified. The enzymes include polymerases and thermostablepolymerases such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and reversetranscriptase. The enzymes create double-stranded polynucleotides from asingle-stranded template by “filling in” complementary nucleotides oneby one through addition of nucleoside triphosphates, starting from aprimer bound to that template. PCR happens in “cycles,” each of whichincreases, and can even double, the number of templates in a solution.The process can be repeated until the desired number of copies iscreated.

A variety of PCR techniques are known and can be used in theimplementations described herein. PCR techniques are typically used forthe amplification of at least a portion of a polynucleotide. The sampleto be amplified is contacted with the first and second primers; anucleic acid polymerase; and nucleotide triphosphates corresponding tothe nucleotides to be added during PCR. Natural nucleotide triphosphatescan include dATP, dCTP, dCTP, dTTP, and dUTP. Nucleoside triphosphatesof non-standard nucleotides can also be added, if desired or needed.Suitable polymerases for PCR are known and include, for example,thermostable polymerases such as native and altered polymerases ofThermus species, including, but not limited to Thermus aquaticus (Taq),Thermus flavus (Tfl), and Thermus thermophilus (Tth), as well as theKlenow fragment of DNA polymerase and the HIV-1 polymerase.

An additional type of PCR is Droplet Digital™ PCR (ddPCR™) (Bio-RadLaboratories, Hercules, Calif.). ddPCR technology uses a combination ofmicrofluidics and surfactant chemistry to divide PCR samples intowater-in-oil droplets. The droplets support PCR amplification of thetarget template nucleotides they contain and use reagents and workflowssimilar to those used for most standard Taqman probe-based assays.Following PCR, each droplet is analyzed or read (by, for example, adroplet reader, such as those provided by Bio-Rad), to determine thefraction of PCR-positive droplets in the original sample. These data arethen analyzed using Poisson statistics to determine the targetconcentration in the original sample. See Bio-Rad Droplet Digital™(ddPCR™) PCR Technology.

While ddPCR™ is one PCR approach, other sample partition PCR methodsbased on the same underlying principles may also be used. Thepartitioned nucleotides of a sample can be amplified by any suitable PCRmethodology that can be practiced within spdPCR. Illustrative PCR typesinclude allele-specific PCR, assembly PCR, asymmetric PCR, endpoint PCR,hot-start PCR, in situ PCR, intersequence-specific PCR, inverse PCR,linear after exponential PCR, ligation-mediated PCR,methylation-specific PCR, miniprimer PCR, multiplex ligation-dependentprobe amplification, multiplex PCR, nested PCR, overlap-extension PCR,polymerase cycling assembly, qualitative PCR, quantitative PCR,real-time PCR, single-cell PCR, solid-phase PCR, thermal asymmetricinterlaced PCR, touchdown PCR, universal fast walking PCR, etc. Ligasechain reaction (LCR) can also be used.

Emulsion PCR can also be utilized in the implementations describedherein. Emulsion PCR includes providing a water-in-oil emulsion thatincludes reagents used during the PCR process, such as a polymerase,primers, buffers, and the like. As the PCR process takes place, strandsof the polynucleotides are replicated within the oil droplets using apolymerase and then denatured. The process continues for multiple cycleswith replication of the new single stranded polynucleotides taking placewithin the droplets. The polynucleotides that have been produced duringemulsion PCR can be recovered after breaking the emulsion and performingone or more separation processes. In some cases, beads can be used inemulsion PCR where polynucleotides bind to the surface of the beadswithin the emulsion and the replication of the polynucleotides takesplace on the surface of the beads.

The amplification of polynucleotides can be performed using athermocycler. A thermocycler (also known as a thermal cycler, PCRmachine, or DNA amplifier) can be implemented with a thermal block thathas holes where tubes holding an amplification reaction mixture can beinserted. The term “amplification reaction mixture” can refer to anaqueous solution comprising the various reagents used to amplify atarget nucleic acid. The thermocycler can then raise and lower thetemperature of the block in discrete, pre-programmed steps. Otherimplementations can utilize a miniaturized thermocycler in which theamplification reaction mixture moves via a channel through hot and coldzones on a microfluidic chip.

After the amplification process, one or more samples of theamplification product can be extracted and sequenced by a sequencingmachine. The sequencing machine can provide raw sequence data outputreferred to herein as reads. Each position in a read is an individualnucleotide determined by the sequencing machine based on properties ofthe nucleotides sensed by components of the sequencing machine. A readcan represent a determination of which of the four nucleotides A, G, C,and T (or U) in a strand of DNA (or RNA) is present at a given positionin the sequence. The sequencing machine can produce polynucleotide data344 that corresponds to the sequences of the polynucleotides read by thesequencing machine. The polynucleotide data 344 can be decoded using areverse process that was used to encode the original digital data toproduce a bit string 346 that corresponds to the original digital databeing requested. The bit string 346 can be provided to the computingdevice 338 in response to the request for the digital data.

In some embodiments, the sequencing is coupled with retrieval (randomaccess) of data (requested data), DNA storage systems can store multipledata objects or tiles physically together. When only part of theseobjects need to be retrieved, sequencing the entire pools captures allof the desired objects or file, but wastes resources reading/processingundesired data as well. Random-access via PCR or other methods selectsonly those files that need to be sequenced. Typically, the random-accessprocess is done separately from sequencing procedures, which leads tounnecessary latency and complexity. Provided herein is a method wherebyretrieval and sequencing are combined in a single method to yield therequested digital data (random access). For example, randomaccess/retrieval of data can be accomplished in a single method by nextgeneration sequencing (next generation sequencing (NGS); massivelyparallel sequencing in an automated process; Illumina) with, forexample, bridge amplification of the whole pool or part of thepolynucleotides in the container 330. In this method, all of thepolynucleotides in a container 330 can be amplified with the use ofadapters, or part with the use of specific adapters, and bridgeamplification, followed by sequencing with primers specific for therequested data (primers complementary to group identifier region 318and/or 320). Alternatively, the file or group identifier region 318 and320 can be complementary to the flow cell oligos used in bridgeamplification and as well as the primer used in sequencing (toselectively amplify and sequence). In other embodiments, the universalsequences 319 and 321 can be used as adapters or primer targets sitesfor bridge amplification. This also works with other sequencing methods,such as nanopore sequencing, which can use CRISPR or beads to capturepolynucleotide strands of interest, thus, random access can be donedirectly as part of sequencing with this method. Other methods thatrequire strand capture and optional PCR amplification for the sequencingto be done, like those that read the electrical state of a system duringDNA extension or those that use exonuclease to feed the sequencingsystem, can also be used in the methods described herein. One example ofreading the electrical state of a system during DNA extension isIon-torrent system. In brief, as a base is added, a single H ion isreleased, which is then detected by a CMOS-ISFET sensor (Rothberg,Jonathan M., et al. “An integrated semiconductor device enablingnon-optical genome sequencing.” Nature 475.7356 (2011): 348. Anothersequencing method which may be used in the methods described herein isprocessive incorporation of deoxynucleoside triphosphate analogs bysingle-molecule DNA polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) nanocircuits (KaitlinM. Pugliese et al. Journal of the American Chemistry Societ J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2015, 137, 9587-9594). Alternatively, one can use a flow-cell toselectively capture interested DNA. In brief, the DNA adapters on flowcell are extended with additional probe sequences, which arecomplementary to the targets and thus the DNA adapters/probe sequencecan capture the target DNA (FIG. 1A of Shin et al. Nature Communications(2017) 8,14291 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14291). After capture of the target,one can the use sequencing primers to read the sequences. The methodsdescribed herein allow for sequencing to facilitate random access(retrieval of requested data and sequencing simultaneously).

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an example system 400 including at leastone computing device 402 to produce a framework for designingpolynucleotides that encode digital data and retrieving the digital datafrom the polynucleotides. The computing device 402 can be implementedwith one or more processing unit(s) 404 and memory 406, both of whichcan be distributed across one or more physical or logical locations. Forexample, in some implementations, the operations described as beingperformed by the computing device 402 can be performed by multiplecomputing devices. In some cases, the operations described as beingperformed by the computing device 402 can be performed in a cloudcomputing architecture.

The processing unit(s) 404 can include any combination of centralprocessing units (CPUs), graphical processing units (GPUs), single coreprocessors, multi-core processors, application-specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), programmable circuits such as Field Programmable GateArrays (FPGA), and the like. In one implementation, one or more of theprocessing units(s) 404 can use Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)parallel architecture. For example, the processing unit(s) 404 caninclude one or more GPUs that implement SIMD. One or more of theprocessing unit(s) 404 can be implemented as hardware devices. In someimplementations, one or more of the processing unit(s) 404 can beimplemented in software and/or firmware in addition to hardwareimplementations. Software or firmware implementations of the processingunit(s) 404 can include computer- or machine-executable instructionswritten in any suitable programming language to perform the variousfunctions described. Software implementations of the processing unit(s)404 may be stored in whole or part in the memory 406.

Alternatively, or additionally, the functionality of computing device402 can be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logiccomponents. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types ofhardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmableGate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Application-specific Standard Products (ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems(SOCs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc.

Memory 406 of the computing device 402 can include removable storage,non-removable storage, local storage, and/or remote storage to providestorage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, programmodules, and other data. The memory 406 can be implemented ascomputer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes at least twotypes of media: computer-readable storage media and communicationsmedia. Computer-readable storage media includes volatile andnon-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in anymethod or technology for storage of information such ascomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, orother data. Computer-readable storage media includes, but is not limitedto, RAM, RUM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM,digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be usedto store information for access by a computing device.

In contrast, communications media can embody computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in amodulated data signal, such as a carrier wave, or other transmissionmechanism. As defined herein, computer-readable storage media andcommunications media are mutually exclusive.

The computing device 402 can include and/or be coupled with one or moreinput/output devices 408 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, atouchscreen, a microphone, a camera, a display, a speaker, a printer,and the like. Input/output devices 408 that are physically remote fromthe processing unit(s) 404 and the memory 406 can also be includedwithin the scope of the input/output devices 408.

Also, the computing device 402 can include a network interface 410. Thenetwork interface 410 can be a point of interconnection between thecomputing device 402 and one or more networks 412. The network interface410 can be implemented in hardware, for example, as a network interfacecard (NIC), a network adapter, a LAN adapter or physical networkinterface. The network interface 410 can be implemented in software. Thenetwork interface 410 can be implemented as an expansion card or as partof a motherboard. The network interface 410 can implement electroniccircuitry to communicate using a specific physical layer and data linklayer standard, such as Ethernet or The network interface 410 cansupport wired and/or wireless communication. The network interface 410can provide a base for a full network protocol stack, allowingcommunication among groups of computers on the same local area network(LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols,such as Internet Protocol (IP).

The one or more networks 412 can include any type of communicationsnetwork, such as a local area network, a wide area network, a meshnetwork, an ad hoc network, a peer-to-peer network, the Internet, acable network, a telephone network, a wired network, a wireless network,combinations thereof, and the like.

A device interface 414 can be part of the computing device 402 thatprovides hardware to establish communicative connections to otherdevices, such as a sequencer 416, a polynucleotide synthesizer 418, etc.The device interface 414 can also include software that supports thehardware. The device interface 414 can be implemented as a wired orwireless connection that does not cross a network. A wired connectionmay include one or more wires or cables physically connecting thecomputing device 402 to another device. The wired connection can becreated by a headphone cable, a telephone cable, a SCSI cable, a USBcable, an Ethernet cable, FireWire, or the like. The wireless connectionmay be created by radio waves (e.g., any version of Bluetooth, ANT,Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11, etc.), infrared light, or the like.

The computing device 402 can include multiple modules that may beimplemented as instructions stored in the memory 406 for execution byprocessing unit(s) 404 and/or implemented, in whole or in part, by oneor more hardware logic components or firmware. The memory 406 can beused to store any number of functional components that are executable bythe one or more processing units 404. In many implementations, thesefunctional components can comprise instructions or programs that areexecutable by the one or more processing units 404 and that, whenexecuted, implement operational logic for performing the operationsattributed to the computing device 402. Functional components of thecomputing device 402 that can be executed on the one or more processingunits 404 for implementing the various functions and features related togenerating polynucleotide sequences for the storage and retrieval ofdigital data, as described herein, include a digital data encodingmodule 420, a polynucleotide group formation module 422, apolynucleotide design module 424, and a digital data retrieval module426. One or more of the modules, 420, 422, 424, 426 can be used toimplement processes 100, 200, and at least a portion of the process 300of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 3.

The digital data encoding module 420 can include computer-readableinstructions that are executable by the processing unit(s) 404 to encodedigital data as a sequence of nucleotides. The digital data encodingmodule 420 can obtain digital data from one or more sources. In somecases, the digital data can also be stored by the memory 406. Also, thedigital data can be stored by a data storage device coupled to, orotherwise accessible to, the computing device 402. The digital data canbe related to image content, video content, text content, audio content,combinations thereof, and so forth. The digital data can include a bitstring comprised of 1s and 0s. In some cases, the digital data can beincluded in a data file.

The digital data encoding module 420 can encode the 1s and 0s of thedigital data as a sequence of nucleotides, such as A, T, G, C, or U. Inparticular implementations, each 1 or 0 of the digital data can beencoded as a particular nucleotide. In some cases, groups of 1s andgroups of 0s of the digital data can be encoded as a particularnucleotide. In various implementations, the 1s and 0s of the digitaldata can be converted to a number in a number system other than base-2before encoding. For example, the 1s and 0s of the digital data can beconverted to a base-3 format or a base-4 format before encoding.

In illustrative implementations, the digital data encoding module 420can encode the 1s and 0s of the digital data according to a binaryencoding scheme. For example, the digital data encoding module 420 canencode the series of bits 00 as a first nucleotide (e.g., A), the seriesof bits 01 as a second nucleotide (e.g., T), the series of bits 10 as athird nucleotide (e.g., G), and the series of bits 11 as a fourthnucleotide (e.g., C).

In other illustrative implementations, the digital data encoding module420 can encode the 1s and 0s of the digital data according to a ternaryencoding scheme. For example, the digital data encoding module 420 canconvert the 1s and 0s of the digital data to modified digital datacomprising 0s, 1s, and 2s. Subsequently, the digital data encodingmodule 420 can encode the 0s, 1s, and 2s of the modified digital data asnucleotides. In some implementations, the data encoding module 420 canencode the 0s, 1s, and 2s of the modified digital data as nucleotidesaccording to a preceding nucleotide in the sequence of nucleotides. Toillustrate, a 0 preceded by G could be encoded as T, while a 0 precededby A could be encoded as C.

In additional illustrative implementations, the digital data encodingmodule 420 can encode the 1s and 0s of the digital data according to abase-4 encoding scheme. In an example, the digital data encoding module420 can convert the 1s and 0s of the digital data to modified digitaldata comprising 0s, 1s, 2s, and 3s. In these situations, when 4nucleotides are used to encode the digital data, each type of nucleotidebeing used to do the encoding can correspond with a respective base-4number. Thus, in a particular illustrative example, 0 can correspondwith A, 1 can correspond with T, 2 can correspond with G, and 3 cancorrespond with C.

In some cases, the length of the sequences of nucleotides encoding thedigital data can be limited. In illustrative implementations, thesequences of nucleotides used to encode digital data can have from 60 to300 nucleotides, from 80 to 150 nucleotides, from 90 to 120 nucleotides,or from 100 to 140 nucleotides. In situations where multiple sequencesare used to encode the digital data, the digital data encoding module420 can divide the bits of the digital data into segments. The digitaldata encoding module 420 can encode each of the segments of the digitaldata as a separate sequence of nucleotides. In some cases, the segmentscan be the same length, while in other situations, the segments can havevarying lengths. In implementations where the segments have differentlengths, the length of the segments can be within a range of lengths.The range of lengths can be based at least partly on a probability thatpolynucleotides may lose a linear structure when the length is greaterthan an upper threshold length or when the length is less than a lowerthreshold length.

The polynucleotide group formation module 422 can includecomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by the processingunit(s) 404, can arrange polynucleotides that encode digital data into anumber of groups. The polynucleotide group formation module 422 can alsodetermine identifiers for each of the groups. In some instances, thegroup identifiers can be utilized to determine a data file that includesdigital data being encoded by polynucleotides of one or more groups. Forexample, the polynucleotide group formation module 422 can assign one ormore group identifiers to respective groups that include thepolynucleotides that encode digital data of a data file. Thepolynucleotide group formation module 422 can also generate metadatathat indicates the group identifiers that correspond to the data file.

In addition, the polynucleotide group formation module 422 can determinea quantity of polynucleotides to include in individual groups. Forexample, the polynucleotide group formation module 422 can determine anumber of individual polynucleotides to include in individual groups. Insome cases, the quantity of polynucleotides included in individualgroups can be a range having an upper threshold and a lower threshold.In particular implementations, the quantity of polynucleotides includedin individual groups can be within a range of a specified average numberof polynucleotides to include in individual groups.

In some implementations, the polynucleotide group formation module 422can determine that a number of polynucleotides included in a group isless than a threshold number of polynucleotides. In situations where thenumber of polynucleotides included in individual groups is the samenumber, the polynucleotide group formation module 422 can determine thatthe quantity of polynucleotides included in a group is less than thenumber specified for each individual group. Additionally, inimplementations where individual groups include a quantity ofpolynucleotides within a specified range, the polynucleotide groupformation module 422 can determine that the quantity of polynucleotidesincluded in a group is less than a lower threshold of the range.

Based at least partly on determining that the quantity ofpolynucleotides included in a group is less than a threshold number, thepolynucleotide group formation module 422 can generate sequences offiller polynucleotides for the group. The quantity of fillerpolynucleotides for the group can bring the total number ofpolynucleotides for the group to at least the threshold number. Forexample, the quantity of polynucleotides of individual groups can bespecified as 9,000 to 11,000 and a particular group may have 8,500polynucleotides. In this situation, the polynucleotide group formationmodule 422 can generate at least 500 filler polynucleotides to includein the group such that the total number of polynucleotides for the groupis at least 9,000. In another example, the quantity of polynucleotidesof individual groups can be specified as 10,000 and a particular groupmay have 9,750 polynucleotides. Continuing with this example, thepolynucleotide group formation module 422 can generate 250 fillerpolynucleotides to bring the total number of polynucleotides included inthe group up to 10,000.

The polynucleotide group formation module 422 can generate additionalmetadata that tracks the filler polynucleotides added to one or moregroups. To illustrate, the polynucleotide group formation module 422 cangenerate additional metadata indicating the sequences of the fillerpolynucleotides that are included in particular groups. In this way, theadditional metadata can be used to identify filler polynucleotides thatcan be removed during the decoding of polynucleotides when digital datais requested that is encoded by the other, non-filler, polynucleotidesincluded in the group. In other implementations, the polynucleotidegroup formation module 422 can generate one or more sequences ofnucleotides that indicates polynucleotides that are fillerpolynucleotides. Thus, polynucleotides that are decoded that include asequence of nucleotides specifying a filler polynucleotide may beremoved from consideration when reconstructing digital data from otherpolynucleotides included in the group.

The polynucleotide design module 424 can include computer-readableinstructions that, when executed by the processing unit(s) 404, generatepolynucleotide data that correspond to polynucleotides that encodedigital data. The polynucleotide design module 424 can utilize datacorresponding to payloads produced by the digital data encoding module420 to generate the polynucleotide data. The polynucleotide designmodule 424 can also utilize data corresponding to group identifiersassociated with the payloads to generate polynucleotide data.Additionally, the polynucleotide design module 424 can utilize datacorresponding to file identifiers associated with the payloads togenerate polynucleotide data.

The polynucleotide design module 424 can also produce data correspondingto polynucleotide sequences that include nucleotides in addition to thenucleotides comprising the group identifiers and payloads. For example,the polynucleotide design module 424 can include nucleotides in apolynucleotide sequence that correspond with addressing information forthe payload. In situations where a string of bits is divided into anumber of segments before being encoded as a sequence of nucleotides,addressing information can indicate the segment of the bit string thatis being encoded by a particular payload sequence and the location ofthe segment within the bit string. The polynucleotide design module 424can generate one or more nucleotides that encode the addressinginformation and add the nucleotides encoding the addressing informationinto a polynucleotide sequence. The group identifiers can also includenucleotides that correspond to a key that can be used to retrieve thedigital data encoded by a payload of a polynucleotide. Thepolynucleotide design module 424 can also add nucleotides to apolynucleotide sequence that correspond to error correction information.Further, the polynucleotide design module 424 can add nucleotides to apolynucleotide sequence that correspond to a file identifier.

The polynucleotide data generated by the polynucleotide design module424 can be used to synthesize molecules that include the polynucleotidesequences designed by the polynucleotide design module 424. In someimplementations, the polynucleotide design module 424 can communicatepolynucleotide data corresponding to the polynucleotide sequences to oneor more devices, such as device 418, used to synthesize thepolynucleotides. For example, the polynucleotide design module 424 cancommunicate polynucleotide data to a service provider that synthesizespolynucleotides via the one or more networks 412. In another example,the polynucleotide design module 424 can communicate polynucleotides toa device that synthesizes polynucleotides via the one or more networks412 and/or to one or more devices (e.g., synthesizer 418) via the deviceinterface 414.

The digital data retrieval module 426 can include computer-readableinstructions that when executed by the processing unit(s) 404 canprovide digital data in response to a request for the digital data. Insome implementations, the digital data retrieval module 426 can receivea request to obtain digital data. For example, the digital dataretrieval module 426 can receive a request for a data file including adigital image. The digital data retrieval module 426 can identify one ormore group identifiers and/or at least one file identifier thatcorrespond to the requested data. To illustrate, the digital dataretrieval module 426 can parse a data structure, such as a lookup table,to identify the group identifiers that correspond to the requesteddigital data.

The digital data retrieval module 426 can communicate with one or moredevices, such as via the device interface 414, to request thepolynucleotides that correspond to the group identifiers. In someimplementations, the one or more devices in communication with thedigital data retrieval module 426 can be coupled to, or otherwiseassociated with, a polynucleotide data storage system. In variousimplementations, the digital data retrieval module 426 can provide toanother computing device the group identifiers and/or at least one fileidentifier associated with the requested digital data to a computingdevice that can determine primers to be used to amplify and/or sequencethe polynucleotides of the groups. In addition, the digital dataretrieval module 426 can access metadata indicating a storage location(e.g., one or more container identifiers) within a polynucleotidestorage system that store polynucleotides that correspond to therequested digital data. In particular implementations, the storagelocation can be identified based at least partly on matching the groupidentifiers associated with the requested digital data with the groupidentifiers associated with the containers of the polynucleotide datastorage system. In some implementations, the digital data retrievalmodule 426 can provide the information regarding the primers used toamplify and/or sequence the polynucleotides corresponding to therequested digital data and/or the information regarding the storagelocation of the polynucleotides corresponding to the requested digitaldata to one or more additional computing devices, such as a computingdevice coupled with a polynucleotide data storage system.

The digital data retrieval module 426 can receive the sequences of thepolynucleotides from one or more devices, such as device 416, and decodethe polynucleotides using a reverse process from the encoding performedby the digital data encoding module 420. For example, in implementationswhere 00 in a string of bits is encoded as A, the digital data retrievalmodule 426 can decode each A in the polynucleotide sequences as 00. Thedigital data retrieval module 426 can reproduce the bit string of thedigital data being requested and provide the bit string to one or moredevices that requested the digital data.

In some implementations, the digital data retrieval module 426 canidentify filler polynucleotides that are to be removed during thedecoding process. In some cases, the filler polynucleotides can beidentified by the digital data retrieval module 426 comparing sequencedata received from the sequencer to additional sequences included inmetadata that indicate the filler polynucleotides. Based on thecomparison, the digital data retrieval module 426 can determinepolynucleotide sequences included in the sequencing data that correspondto filler polynucleotides and refrain from decoding the sequences of thefiller polynucleotides. In other cases, the filler polynucleotides canbe identified based at least partly on analyzing particular regions ofpolynucleotide sequences included in the sequencing data that indicatefiller polynucleotides.

ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The following clauses described multiple possible embodiments forimplementing the features described in this disclosure. The variousembodiments described herein are not limiting nor is every feature fromany given embodiment required to be present in another embodiment. Anytwo or more of the embodiments may be combined together unless contextclearly indicates otherwise. As used herein in this document “or” meansand/or. For example, “A or B” means A without B, B without A, or A andB. As used herein, “comprising” means including all listed features andpotentially including addition of other features that are not listed.“Consisting essentially of” means including the listed features andthose additional features that do not materially affect the basic andnovel characteristics of the listed features. “Consisting of” means onlythe listed features to the exclusion of any feature not listed.

CLAUSES

1. A method comprising: encoding a series of bits as a plurality ofpolynucleotide sequences, wherein the series of bits comprises digitaldata of a first data file; assigning at least one identifier to theplurality of polynucleotide sequences of the first data file; encoding aseries of bits as a plurality of polynucleotide sequences, wherein theseries of bits comprises digital data of a second data file; assigningat least one identifier to the plurality of polynucleotide sequences ofthe second data file, wherein the identifier for the polynucleotidesencoding the first data file is different than the identifiers for thepolynucleotides encoding the second data file polynucleotides; assigninga universal sequence to the polynucleotide sequences of the first andsecond data file, wherein the assigned universal sequence is the samefor all polynucleotides; and generating polynucleotide sequence datathat includes polynucleotide sequences with a payload region, theidentifier as an identifier region, and the universal sequence.

2. The method of clause 1 further comprising polynucleotides for morethan two data files, wherein the identifiers are different for each datafile.

3. The method of clause 1 or 2 further comprising: synthesizingpolynucleotides based at least partly on the polynucleotide sequencedata; and storing the polynucleotides in a container of a polynucleotidedata storage system.

4. The method of any one of clauses 1-3 further comprising: selecting atleast one primer that corresponds to the nucleotides of the universalsequence and amplifying, using the primers, the polynucleotides in thecontainer to produce an amplification product of all polynucleotides inthe container.

5. The method of clause 4 further comprising: aliquoting theamplification product to additional containers in the storage system,thereby providing additional containers with identical polynucleotides.

6. The method of any one of clauses 1-5 further comprising: receiving arequest for the digital data of the first or second data file; selectingat least one primer that corresponds to nucleotides of the identifierregion for the first or second data file; amplifying, using the primers,a subset of polynucleotides in the container to produce an amplificationproduct specific for the first or second data file; sequencing theamplification product to produce sequencing data that includes at leastone polynucleotide sequence; and decoding the polynucleotide sequence.

7. The method any one of clauses 1-5 further comprising: receiving arequest for the digital data of the first or second data file; selectingat least one primer or primer pair that corresponds to nucleotides ofthe identifier region for the first or second data file; optionallyamplifying, using the primers, the polynucleotides in the container toproduce an amplification product specific for the first or second datafile; sequencing the amplification product or capturing thepolynucleotides associated with the desired data file using at least oneprimer or primer pair that correspond to the nucleotides of theidentifier region for the first or second data file and then sequencingthe captured polynucleotide sequence to produce data that includes atleast one polynucleotide sequence; and decoding the polynucleotidesequence.

8. The method of clause 7, wherein selecting the primers that correspondto the nucleotides of the identifier region for specific first or seconddata file includes: accessing metadata indicating individual identifiersthat correspond to individual data files; and determining, based atleast partly on the metadata, that the identifiers correspond to thedata file.

9. The method of clause 7, wherein the polynucleotides are not amplifiedprior to sequencing.

10. The method of clause 7, wherein the polynucleotides are captured ona flow cell or beads.

11. The method of clause 7, wherein the polynucleotides are captured andsequencing is initiated with the primers.

12. A method comprising: encoding a series of bits as a plurality ofpolynucleotide sequences, wherein the series of bits comprises digitaldata of a data tile, wherein there is more than one data file; assigningat least one identifier to the plurality polynucleotide sequences,wherein the identifier is unique to each data file; generatingpolynucleotide sequence data that includes polynucleotide sequences witha payload region and the identifier as an identifier region;synthesizing polynucleotides based at least partly on the polynucleotidesequence data; and storing the polynucleotides in a container of apolynucleotide data storage system; receiving a request for the digitaldata of at least one data file; selecting a at least one primer orprimer pair that corresponds to nucleotides of the identifier region forthe digital data of the data file requested, wherein the primer is usedto select the polynucleotides for sequencing and/or for initiatingsequencing of the polynucleotides of the digital data of the data filerequested; sequencing, using the primer, the polynucleotides for thedigital data of the data file requested; and decoding the polynucleotidesequence.

13. The method of clause 12, wherein prior to sequencing thepolynucleotides of the digital data of the data file requested, allpolynucleotides in the container are amplified.

14. The method of clause 12 or 13, wherein the polynucleotides furthercomprise a universal sequence or adapter sequences.

15. The method of clause 12, wherein selecting the primers thatcorrespond to the nucleotides of the identifier region for the digitaldata of the data file requested includes: accessing metadata indicatingindividual identifiers that correspond to individual data files; anddetermining, based at least partly on the metadata, that the identifierscorrespond to the data file.

16. A system comprising: one or more processing units; memory incommunication with the one or more processing units, the memory storingcomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by at least oneprocessing unit of the one or more processing units, perform operationscomprising: generating data indicating a plurality of payload sequences,individual payload sequences of the plurality of payload sequencesencoding a number of bits of a series of bits, the series of bits beingassociated with a data file; generating metadata indicating that theplurality of payload sequences are associated with a universal primerand that the plurality of payload sequences are associated with anidentifier, wherein the metadata indicates a container of apolynucleotide storage system that stores polynucleotides that encode aseries of bit; generating polynucleotide data indicating apolynucleotide sequence including a payload sequence, an identifiersequence corresponding to the identifier and a universal sequence;receiving a request to copy digital data of the data file; identifying,in response to the request and based at least partly on the metadata,the universal sequence associated with polynucleotides in the containerand an identifier of the container; and sending; to a computing device,data indicating the universal sequence and the identifier of thecontainer.

17. The system of clause 16 further comprising, receiving a request fordigital data of the data file; identifying, in response to the requestand based at least partly on the metadata, the identifier and theidentifier of the container; and sending, to a computing device, dataindicating the identifier and the identifier of the container.

18. The method of any one of clauses 1-11, wherein the at least oneidentifier to the plurality of polynucleotide sequences of the firstdata file and/or the second data file are a pair of primer targetnucleotide sequences.

19. The method of clause 7, wherein the polynucleotides are amplified bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the least one primer or primerpair.

20. The method of clause 12, wherein the primer facilitates sequencingof the polynucleotides.

CONCLUSION

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms ofimplementing the claims.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

Certain embodiments are described herein, including the best mode knownto the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variationson these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Skilledartisans will know how to employ such variations as appropriate, and theembodiments disclosed herein may be practiced otherwise thanspecifically described. Accordingly, all modifications and equivalentsof the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto are includedwithin the scope of this disclosure. Moreover, any combination of theabove-described elements in all possible variations thereof isencompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, references have been made to publications, patents and/orpatent applications (collectively “references”) throughout thisspecification. Each of the cited references is individually incorporatedherein by reference for their particular cited teachings as well as forall that they disclose.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: encoding a series of bits asa plurality of polynucleotide sequences, wherein the series of bitscomprises digital data of a first data file; assigning at least oneidentifier to the plurality of polynucleotide sequences of the firstdata file; encoding a series of bits as a plurality of polynucleotidesequences, wherein the series of bits comprises digital data of a seconddata file; assigning at least one identifier to the plurality ofpolynucleotide sequences of the second data file; wherein the identifierfor the polynucleotides encoding the first data file is different thanthe identifiers for the polynucleotides encoding the second data filepolynucleotides; assigning a universal sequence to the polynucleotidesequences of the first and second data file, wherein the assigneduniversal sequence is the same for all polynucleotides; and generatingpolynucleotide sequence data that includes polynucleotide sequences witha payload region; the identifier as an identifier region, and theuniversal sequence.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprisingpolynucleotides for more than two data files, wherein the identifiersare different for each data file.
 3. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: synthesizing polynucleotides based at least partly on thepolynucleotide sequence data; and storing the polynucleotides in acontainer of a polynucleotide data storage system.
 4. The method ofclaim 3 further comprising: selecting at least one primer thatcorresponds to the nucleotides of the universal sequence and amplifying,using the primers, the polynucleotides in the container to produce anamplification product of all polynucleotides in the container.
 5. Themethod of claim 4 further comprising: aliquoting the amplificationproduct to additional containers in the storage system; therebyproviding additional containers with identical polynucleotides.
 6. Themethod of claim 4 further comprising: receiving a request for thedigital data of the first or second data file; selecting at least oneprimer that corresponds to nucleotides of the identifier region for thefirst or second data file; amplifying, using the primers; a subset ofpolynucleotides in the container to produce an amplification productspecific for the first or second data file; sequencing the amplificationproduct to produce sequencing data that includes at least onepolynucleotide sequence; and decoding the polynucleotide sequence. 7.The method of claim 3 further comprising: receiving a request for thedigital data of the first or second data file; selecting at least oneprimer or primer pair that corresponds to nucleotides of the identifierregion for the first or second data file; optionally amplifying, usingthe primers, the polynucleotides in the container to produce anamplification product specific for the first or second data file;sequencing the amplification product or capturing the polynucleotidesassociated with the desired data file using the at least one primer orprimer pair that corresponds to the nucleotides of the identifier regionfor the first or second data file and then sequencing the capturedpolynucleotide sequence to produce data that includes at least onepolynucleotide sequence; and decoding the polynucleotide sequence. 8.The method of claim 7; wherein selecting the primers that correspond tothe nucleotides of the identifier region for specific first or seconddata file includes: accessing metadata indicating individual identifiersthat correspond to individual data files; and determining, based atleast partly on the metadata, that the identifiers correspond to thedata file.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the polynucleotides are notamplified prior to sequencing.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein thepolynucleotides are captured on a flow cell or beads.
 11. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the polynucleotides are captured and sequencing isinitiated with the primer.
 12. A method comprising: encoding a series ofbits as a plurality of polynucleotide sequences, wherein the series ofbits comprises digital data of a data file, wherein there is more thanone data file; assigning at least one identifier to the pluralitypolynucleotide sequences, wherein the identifier is unique to each datafile; generating polynucleotide sequence data that includespolynucleotide sequences with a payload region and the identifier as anidentifier region; synthesizing polynucleotides based at least partly onthe polynucleotide sequence data; and storing the polynucleotides in acontainer of a polynucleotide data storage system; receiving a requestfor the digital data of at least one data file; selecting at least oneprimer or primer pair that corresponds to nucleotides of the identifierregion for the digital data of the data file requested, wherein theprimer is used to capture the polynucleotides for sequencing and/or forinitiating sequencing of the polynucleotides of the digital data of thedata file requested; sequencing, using the primer, the polynucleotidesfor the digital data of the data file requested; and decoding thepolynucleotide sequence.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein prior tosequencing the polynucleotides of the digital data of the data filerequested, all of the polynucleotides in the container are amplified.14. The method of claim 13, wherein the polynucleotides further comprisea universal sequence.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein selecting theprimers that correspond to the nucleotides of the identifier region forthe digital data of the data file requested includes: accessing metadataindicating individual identifiers that correspond to individual datafiles; and determining, based at least partly on the metadata, that theidentifiers correspond to the data file.
 16. A system comprising: one ormore processing units; memory in communication with the one or moreprocessing units, the memory storing computer-readable instructionsthat, when executed by at least one processing unit of the one or moreprocessing units, perform operations comprising: generating dataindicating a plurality of payload sequences, individual payloadsequences of the plurality of payload sequences encoding a number ofbits of a series of bits, the series of bits being associated with adata file; generating metadata indicating that the plurality of payloadsequences are associated with a universal primer and that the pluralityof payload sequences are associated with an identifier, wherein themetadata indicates a container of a polynucleotide storage system thatstores polynucleotides that encode a series of bits; generatingpolynucleotide data indicating a polynucleotide sequence including apayload sequence, an identifier sequence corresponding to the identifierand a universal sequence; receiving a request to copy digital data ofthe data file; identifying, in response to the request and based atleast partly on the metadata, the universal sequence associated withpolynucleotides in the container and an identifier; and sending, to acomputing device, data indicating the universal sequence and theidentifier.
 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising, receiving arequest for digital data of the data file; identifying, in response tothe request and based at least partly on the metadata, the identifierand the identifier of the container; and sending, to a computing device,data indicating the identifier and the identifier of the container. 18.The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one identifier of theplurality of polynucleotide sequences of the first data file and/or thesecond data file are a pair of primer target nucleotide sequences. 19.The method of claim 7, wherein the polynucleotides are amplified bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the least one primer or primerpair.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the primer facilitatessequencing of the polynucleotides.